ANCIENT EGYPT CHRONOLOGY
C14 Dating & Other Dating Methods
CONTENTS
REDUCE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY BY 250 YEARS
CHARLES KOS VIDEO youtube.com/watch?v=3x4YKGssX0A
Charles said the above samples were taken from the outside of the Great Pyramid. He suspected that the outside was resurfaced later and that inner samples would provide more accurate dates. He wasn’t satisfied with 4440 BP. That’s c. 2440 BC. {Oops. I see just above the second 4440 figure is 5020 BP. Or does it say 6020? That would be c. 3020 or 4020 BC. He overlooked it, I guess. I don’t accept 4020 BC, because that would likely be before the Flood.}
He was happier with these dates of 4510 BP for Djoser and 4807 BP for Snefru, which apparently did precede the Great Pyramid. Those dates were from inner samples, instead of outer. But Carbon dating isn’t that accurate and there may have been different amounts of C14 in the air at that time, shortly after major cataclysmic events. Those dates = c. 2510 BC and c. 2807 BC.
HISTORY FOR GRANITE VIDEO youtube.com/watch?v=B80QPGNkzkg
I think those names are: Amenemhat III, Senusret II, Qakare Ibi, Pepe II, Teti, Unas, Sahure, Queen’s, Userkaf, Shepseskaf, Menkaure, Kafre, Djedefre, Khufu, Giza, Meidum, Dashur, (Tomb), Sekhemkhet, Djoser, (5 Tombs).
Perplexity.ai says: The following structures were carbon-14 dated during the 1995 expedition funded by David Koch1: Djoser's Step Pyramid, Khufu's Pyramid (Great Pyramid), Khafre's Pyramid, Menkaure's Pyramid, Meidum Pyramid, Bent Pyramid (only two charcoal samples from mortar), Djedefre's Pyramid, Userkaf's Pyramid, Sahure's Temple, Unas Tomb, Pyramid, and Temple, Teti's Pyramid, Pepi II's Pyramid. Additionally, the following were also tested: Early Dynastic mastabas, Various temples, Worker sites. The list also includes structures from Dynasty 1 through the Middle Kingdom, covering a broad range of Egypt's ancient monumental architecture3.
Anyway, it looks like the Giza pyramids there dated to between 2,600 & 2,800 BC, but again the C14 in the air was likely different then due to the recent cataclysms, so the dating is likely off.
WORLD OF ANTIQUITY VIDEO youtube.com/watch?v=N_gmLH_uVic
Above are Great Pyramid dates plus others nearby. Great Pyramid dates range from 2,478 to 2,871 BC.
That paper shown in the video lists a complete chronology of ancient Egypt, but I believe the dates need to be reduced as explained next.
REDUCE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY BY 250 YEARS
In Centuries of Darkness? in SIS C&CR Journal, Geoffrey Gammon reviewed Peter James' et al book Centuries of Darkness and said:
"Their main conclusion is that accepted dates for the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron should be lowered by some 250 years, thereby eliminating the greater part of the 'dark ages' which are believed to have caused a major economic and cultural recession in the Mediterranean lands and Western Asia between the 12th and 9th centuries BC." ...
"The book provides a wealth of examples of anomalies, of which only a few examples can be given in a short review. One classic case is Troy. Stratum VIII is dated to around 700 BC on the basis of finds of imported Archaic Greek pottery. Immediately below it is Troy VIIb, dated to the 12th century through its Late Helladic (LH) IIIC pottery. However, nothing has been found to bridge the gap over four centuries. There is no sterile layer to separate them; on the contrary, there is every indication of continuity, notably in the distinctive Grey Minyan ware found in both levels." ...
"After an introductory chapter on the evolution of Old World chronology, it deals first with the Western and Central Mediterranean, taking in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, the Aeolian Islands, Malta and southern Spain (Tartessos). In all these places there are gaps in the archaeological record of prehistoric cultures between the 13th century, when there were trading and cultural links with the Mycenaeans, and the 8th century, when Greeks and Phoenicians began planting colonies in the Central and Western Mediterranean as far west as Spain." ...
"The effect of lowering the dates for the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron in Palestine to around 900-850 BC, as proposed by James and his colleagues, is that the fabled wealth and power of Solomon is represented in the archaeological record, not by the meagre remains of the Early Iron Age but by the rich material culture of Late Bronze II, which is usually ascribed to the pre-Israelite Canaanite' population." ...
"James and colleagues conclude that Egypt is the centre of the problem', since other chronologies in Western Asia and the Aegean are linked to it, while those of the Central and Western Mediterranean, the Balkans and Central Europe depend largely on links with the Aegean. Their solution is to reduce the overall length of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period by some 250 years, with the major reductions being achieved in Dynasties 20-23." ...
"The 250 year reduction proposed in Centuries of Darkness, with its tentative identification of Ramesses III as Shishak, requires Dynasties 20-24 either to be accommodated in the 230 years preceding the 25th (Ethiopian) Dynasty, which conquered Egypt at the end of the 8th century, or 280 years, if the 22nd Dynasty is extended into the early decades of the 7th century." ...
"{T}he real worth and importance of this book lies in the fact that the general reduction in the dates for the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age by some 250 years works not merely for Egypt and Palestine but for the archaeology and chronology of the Old World from the Western Mediterranean to Iran, where the powerful kingdom of Elam simply and inexplicably disappears from the historical record at the end of the 12th century and just as mysteriously reappears at the end of the 9th, with no evidence of discontinuity at Elamite sites in Iran! It must be admitted, however, that the proposed chronological revision creates a major problem with the chronology of Mesopotamia, which has not yet been satisfactorily resolved."
So there are still problems to solve to match Egyptian & Sumerian-Babylonian chronology, but everything else seems to be pretty well settled.